10 oldest African countries and the stories behind them

What is the oldest country in Africa? This question seems simple on the surface, but the deeper you dig, the more fascinating the answers become. Africa, known as “the cradle of humanity,” is home to some of the world’s most ancient civilizations, dynasties, and enduring cultural legacies. But when it comes to identifying the “oldest country,” the definition isn’t always straightforward.

You may arrive at different answers depending on how you define “country,“  be it as a political statehood, ancient kingdoms, colonial resistance, or dynastic endurance.

In this article, we’ll explore 10 of the oldest African countries from various angles, drawing on history, archaeology, and national evolution. Each has a story that speaks not just to age but also to resilience, transformation, and pride.

Let’s get unwrapping.

1. Ethiopia 

Independence Day: (Circa 980 BC)

Capital: Addis Ababa

Currency: Ethiopian Birr

Population: 129 million (2024)

Ethiopia stands apart as a symbol of African resilience and ancient heritage. Unlike many other African nations, Ethiopia was never formally colonized, successfully resisting European powers during the Scramble for Africa. Its history stretches back millennia, tracing roots to the Kingdom of D’mt in the 10th century BC. 

The Aksumite Kingdom, which rose to prominence in the 1st century AD, left behind remarkable architectural achievements, including towering obelisks and intricate religious structures.

Ethiopia’s unique identity is further defined by its ancient Christian traditions, dating back to the 4th century AD when it became one of the first countries in the world to adopt Christianity as its state religion. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church has preserved ancient religious texts, practices, and artistic traditions for centuries. The country’s cultural heritage is also reflected in its vibrant festivals, such as “Timkat” (Epiphany) and “Meskel” (the Finding of the True Cross), which are celebrated with colorful processions and rituals.

Ethiopia is also renowned for its rich culinary traditions. “Injera,” a sourdough flatbread, is a staple in Ethiopian cuisine, often served with flavorful stews called “wats.” The country is also considered the birthplace of coffee, with traditional coffee ceremonies symbolizing hospitality and community. These ceremonies involve roasting green coffee beans over an open flame, grinding them by hand, and brewing them in a ” jebena ” clay pot. The aromatic coffee is then served in small cups, often accompanied by snacks like roasted barley or popcorn.

2. Liberia 

Independence Day: 26 July, 1847

Capital: Monrovia

Currency: Liberian dollar 

Population: 5.6 million (2024)

Liberia holds a unique place in African history as a nation founded by freed American slaves in 1822. The American Colonization Society, a group dedicated to resettling freed slaves, played a key role in establishing the colony. In 1847, Liberia declared independence, becoming one of the first African republics.

However, Liberia’s early history was marked by challenges, including conflicts between the Americo-Liberian settlers and indigenous populations. Despite these challenges, Liberia played a significant role in Pan-African movements and symbolized Black independence in a colonial world.

Liberia’s capital, Monrovia, is named after U.S. President James Monroe, reflecting the country’s historical ties to the United States. The city’s architecture blends colonial-era buildings with modern structures, showcasing Liberia’s evolving identity. The country’s natural beauty includes the Sapo National Park, home to diverse wildlife and offers opportunities for eco-tourism.

3. South Africa 

Independence Day: May 31, 1910

Capital: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), and Bloemfontein (judicial)

Currency: South African Rand

Population: 63 million (2024)

South Africa’s history is a complex tapestry of indigenous cultures, European colonization, and the struggle against apartheid. The Union of South Africa was formed in 1910, uniting several British colonies. While it gained self-governance within the British Empire at this time, true sovereignty came with the Statute of Westminster in 1931.

The 20th century in South Africa was marred by the system of apartheid, a brutal policy of racial segregation and discrimination. The fight against apartheid, led by figures like Nelson Mandela, captured the world’s attention and ultimately led to the establishment of a democratic, multiracial South Africa in 1994.

South Africa is renowned for its natural beauty, featuring landmarks such as Table Mountain and the Cape of Good Hope. The country’s diverse wildlife includes lions, elephants, and giraffes, making it a popular safari destination. South Africa’s vibrant cities, such as Cape Town and Johannesburg, blend African, European, and Asian influences, reflecting the country’s multicultural heritage.

4.  Egypt 

Independence Day: 28 February, 1922

Capital: Cairo

Currency: Egyptian Pound

Population: 107.2 million (2024)

Egypt, cradled by the Nile River, exhibit a history that stretches back to the dawn of civilization. Ancient Egypt, with its pharaohs, pyramids, and hieroglyphs, left an indelible mark on human history. While Egypt experienced periods of foreign rule throughout its history, including Roman, Arab, and Ottoman influence, it maintained a distinct cultural identity.

In the early 20th century, a growing sense of Egyptian nationalism led to increased demands for independence. Although nominal independence was granted in 1922, British influence remained strong until the 1952 revolution, which established Egypt as a republic and paved the way for greater autonomy. Modern Egypt bridges Africa and the Middle East, blending its ancient heritage with contemporary aspirations.

Egypt’s cultural landscape is as dynamic as its history. The city of Cairo is home to the Egyptian Museum, which houses the world’s largest collection of ancient Egyptian artifacts. The Pyramids of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, stand as a testament to Egypt’s architectural prowess. The Nile River, which runs through the heart of Egypt, remains a vital source of life and fertility, supporting agriculture and urban centers alike.

5. Libya 

Independence Day: 24 December, 1951

Capital: Tripoli

Currency: Libyan Dinar

Population: 7.4 million (2024)

Libya, situated on the North African coast, has been a crossroads of cultures and empires for millennia. From the Phoenicians and Romans to the Arabs and Ottomans, various powers have left their mark on this land. In the 20th century, Libya was an Italian colony until World War II.

Following the war, Libya was placed under UN administration and gained its independence in 1951 as a monarchy. The discovery of oil in the late 1950s transformed the country’s economy and led to political instability. Libya’s modern history has been marked by periods of authoritarian rule and conflict. Still, the spirit of its people remains strong as they strive for a more peaceful and prosperous future.

Libya’s cultural heritage is reflected in its ancient cities, such as Leptis Magna and Cyrene, which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These cities showcase Libya’s rich history, with well-preserved Roman ruins and artifacts. The country’s cuisine is influenced by Mediterranean and Arab traditions, with dishes like “couscous” and “shakshuka” being popular.

6. Sudan 

Independence Day: 1 January, 1956

Capital: Khartoum

Currency: Sudanese pound

Population: 50.4 million (2024)

Sudan is a vast country in Northeast Africa with a history stretching back to ancient Nubian civilizations. For centuries, Sudan was a melting pot of cultures, religions, and languages. Then, in the 19th century, Sudan came under Anglo-Egyptian rule.

After World War II, a growing Sudanese nationalist movement pushed for independence, which was achieved in 1956. However, Sudan’s post-independence history has been plagued by civil wars, political instability, and economic challenges. Despite these difficulties, Sudan remains a country of immense cultural richness and potential.

Sudan’s capital, Khartoum, is situated at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers, making it a strategic and culturally significant city. The country’s diverse ethnic groups contribute to its radiant cultural scene, with traditional music and dance playing important roles in social gatherings.

7. Tunisia 

Independence Day: March 20, 1956

Capital: Tunis

Currency: Tunisian dinar

Population: 12.34 million (2024)

Located on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa, Tunisia has been a cradle of civilization for over 3,000 years. From the Phoenicians and Romans to the Arabs and Ottomans, various empires have shaped Tunisia’s history and culture. In the late 19th century, Tunisia became a French protectorate.

Following World War II, a strong nationalist movement emerged, demanding independence. Tunisia achieved independence in 1956 and established a republic. In 2011, Tunisia was the birthplace of the Arab Spring, a series of pro-democracy protests that swept across the Arab world.

Tunisia’s culture scenes are as multifaceted as its history. The city of Carthage, once a powerful Phoenician colony, is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The ancient city of Dougga, with its well-preserved Roman theater, is another pointer to Tunisia’s rich cultural heritage. The country’s cuisine blends Mediterranean and Arab flavors, with dishes like “harissa” and “brik” being popular.

8. Morocco 

Independence Day: 2 March, 1956

Capital: Rabat

Currency: Moroccan Dirham

Population: 37.37 million (2024)

From the Berbers and Romans to the Arabs and Europeans, various cultures have influenced Morocco’s identity. Despite facing challenges from European powers, Morocco maintained its independence for centuries. In the early 20th century, Morocco became a French and Spanish protectorate.

After World War II, a growing nationalist movement demanded independence, which was achieved in 1956. Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with a vibrant cultural scene, blending Berber, Arab, and European influences.

Morocco’s cities, such as Marrakech and Fez, are known for their bustling souks (markets) and historic architecture. The country’s cuisine is renowned for its spices and flavors, with dishes like “tagine” and “couscous”  being staples. Morocco’s natural beauty includes the Atlas Mountains and the Sahara Desert, offering opportunities for trekking and desert adventures.

9. Ghana 

Independence Day: 6 March, 1957

Capital: Accra 

Currency: Ghanaian Cedi

Population: 34.4 million (2024)

Ghana holds a special place in African history as the first sub-Saharan African country to gain independence from colonial rule. Its independence in 1957 inspired other African nations seeking to break free from colonial powers. Ghana’s history stretches back to ancient kingdoms and trade networks. In the 15th century, European traders arrived, drawn by the region’s gold resources, leading to the area being known as the Gold Coast.

In the 20th century, a strong nationalist movement emerged, led by Kwame Nkrumah, who advocated for independence and Pan-Africanism. Ghana’s independence marked a turning point in African history, paving the way for the continent’s liberation.

Ghana’s cultural heritage is reflected in its beautiful festivals, such as the Akwasidae Festival, which celebrates the Ashanti kingdom’s traditions. The country’s cuisine includes dishes like “fufu” and “banku”, often served with spicy sauces. Ghana’s natural beauty includes the Kakum National Park, known for its rainforest canopy walk.

10. Guinea 

Independence Day: October 2, 1958

Capital: Bissau

Currency: Guinean Franc

Population: 14.36 million (2024)

Guinea, located in West Africa, has a history shaped by its diverse ethnic groups, rich natural resources, and colonial experience. In the late 19th century, Guinea became a French colony. After World War II, a growing desire for independence emerged.

In 1958, Guinea, under the leadership of Ahmed Sékou Touré, famously rejected continued association with France, choosing immediate independence. This bold decision had significant consequences, as France withdrew all assistance, leaving Guinea to chart its own course. Guinea’s independence inspired other African nations to seek self-determination.

The country’s music and dance are integral parts of social gatherings, with traditional instruments like the “balafon”  being popular. Guinea’s cuisine blends African and French influences, with dishes like “maffe” (a peanut stew) being common.

Wrapping up, 

The ten countries discussed in this article represent just a fraction of the diverse and fascinating stories that make up the African continent. Their journeys to independence reflect the resilience, determination, and enduring spirit of the African people. As these nations continue to evolve, they carry with them the legacy of their past, shaping a future filled with promise and potential. Exploring the history of these countries offers a glimpse into the broader narrative of Africa, a continent that continues to captivate and inspire the world.

In conclusion, Africa’s oldest countries are not just historical milestones but living examples of cultural richness and resilience. Their stories remind us of preserving heritage while embracing change and innovation. As we look to the future, these nations stand as beacons of hope and inspiration, guiding us toward a brighter tomorrow for all of Africa.

Have you visited any of the countries above? Are there any you hope to visit someday? What do you look forward to doing, and what traditional dish do you want to try out during your visit? I can’t wait to hear from you.